• Design measures that mitigate the rise of transport emissions as demand grows in Southeast Asia and connectivity improves.
• Target maritime transport as a critical sector for decarbonising freight transport in Southeast Asia.
• Improved vehicle technologies will be important for decarbonising road transport as demand increases.
• Electrify rail networks to reduce emissions.
• Improve cross-border trade facilitation to enhance connectivity.
• Accelerate aviation's technology and fuel transition to reduce emissions.
• Leverage decarbonisation opportunities offered by urban transport.

• Formulate a countrywide accessibility policy and implement Sustainable Regional Mobility Plans (SRMP).
• Adopt a whole-of-government approach for rural public services and the local economy.
• Make regulations more flexible to allow for the development of innovative, cost-effective mobility solutions.
• Combine public mobility budgets to achieve cost savings.
• Fund pilot schemes to test innovative mobility concepts.
• Prioritise financial support for innovative services according to higher impact levels rather than use of high tech.
• Use innovative financing approaches to increase funding pools and viability of individual transport services.
• Increase central government funding for shared and active travel in rural areas.
• Provide technical assistance for rural mobility at the national or regional level.
• Promote mobility hubs to connect local services to the core network.
• Support the development of national or regional Mobility as a Service (MaaS).

• Set clear mitigation targets for the transport sector.
• Ensure national decarbonisation plans are fully reflected in the NDCs.
• Break down silos between transport and related sectors. Include all stakeholders.
• Enhance coordination of climate policy across national ministries.

•  Align Covid-19 recovery packages to revive the economy, combat climate change and strengthen equity.
• Implement much more ambitious policies that will reverse the growth of transport CO2 emissions.
• Target different transport sectors with strategies that reflect their specific decarbonisation potential and challenges.
• Support innovation to accelerate the technological breakthroughs needed to decarbonise transport.
• Shift the priority to improving accessibility.
• Intensify collaboration with non-transport sectors and between public and private actors. 

• Governments should adopt a strategic approach to infrastructure planning. This should be communicated clearly via an explicit, detailed and periodically updated strategic infrastructure plan.
• Strategic infrastructure plans should be linked to explicit infrastructure funding envelopes, with project pipelines identified, at least in broad terms.
• Governments should consider the merits of establishing independent infrastructure advisory bodies to provide transparent, expert advice on long-term, cross-sectoral infrastructure strategy, planning and policy development, as well as priorities for medium-to-longer-term infrastructure investment.
• Arrangements for the establishment of independent bodies should address key governance principles, such as those identified in the OECD’s Principles for the Governance of Regulators.
• Infrastructure project appraisal should, as far as possible, be based on a consistent and transparent methodology.
• The OECD/ITF should publish a review of government and private sector infrastructure-related responses to the Covid‑19 pandemic.
• A formal policy framework should guide decisions on the stewardship of major infrastructure assets.
• Governments should review their infrastructure regulatory frameworks.
• Ex post performance assessment should be undertaken for all major projects.
• National infrastructure institutions and statistical agencies should co‑ordinate internationally to develop consistent infrastructure performance measures.
• Where cross-border infrastructure projects are adopted, they should be managed by a specific-purpose body with all parties represented. Policy objectives and performance standards should be clearly specified and governance, funding and accountability mechanisms established.

• Make transport policy algorithm-ready and transport policy makers algorithmically-literate.
• Ensure that oversight and control of algorithms is proportional to impacts and risks.
• Build in algorithmic auditability by default into potentially impactful algorithms.
• Convert analogue regulations into machine-readable code for use by algorithmic systems.
• Use algorithmic systems to regulate more dynamically and efficiently.
• Compare the performance of algorithmic systems with that of human decision-making.
• Algorithmic assessment should go beyond transparency and explainability.
• Establish robust regulatory frameworks that ensure accountability for decisions taken by algorithms.
• Establish clear guidelines and regulatory action to assess the impact of algorithmic decision-making.
• Adapt how regulation is made to reflect the speed and uncertainty around algorithmic system deployment.

• Improve the collection and dissemination of disaggregated data on the level and characteristics of private investments in transport infrastructure.

• Distinguish between infrastructure and the operations that take place on it.
• To pursue private investment in infrastructure, choose between competition for the contract or the regulated model.
• Differentiate between attracting private investors in existing assets (privatisation) and in new infrastructure PPPs.

Editor:

Policy Insights

• Address coordination between jurisdictions at all territorial levels. 
• Make establishment of the Metropolitan Transport Authority an integral part of decentralisation. 
• Leverage support of the national government to establish the Metropolitan Transport Authority. 
• Engage with public opinion to create broad support for the creation of a Metropolitan Transport Authority. 
• Choose the right scope when defining responsibilities of the new Metropolitan Transport Authority. 
• Focus on delivery of the government’s priority objectives for transport provision. 
• Provide the Metropolitan Transport Authority with the necessary technical and financial capacity using fiscal instruments that bring mobility benefits as well as raising funds.

• Develop coherent electric mobility strategies for urban areas.
• Tailor urban decarbonising pathways to the development priorities of different country groups.
• Engage in holistic and prospective urban development planning that prioritises connectivity between different modes of travel.
• Forge new collaborations between relevant actors to address the sustainability challenges of urban passenger transport.
• Continue to employ and refine demand management measures to incentivise the use of sustainable transport modes.
• Consider behavioural factors in both supply- and demand-side decarbonisation measures for urban transport.

• Pursue private investment in infrastructure on the merits of improved efficiency.
• Invest more into upfront preparation of projects to reduce inefficient risk pricing by suppliers.
• Undertake a comprehensive analysis of how to assist suppliers.
• The pursuit of certainty in delivery should be balanced against cost.
• Stimulate innovation through early contractor involvement or alliancing, not public-private partnerships.
• Avoid transferring demand risk to public-private partnerships if service levels do not strongly impact demand.
• Bundle and cross-fund public-private partnerships to reduce demand risk.
• Adopt the regulatory asset base model where competition is absent or demand not strongly endogenous.
• Introduce a transparent public accounting standard to maximise the value for money of private investment.
• Foster competitive markets to achieve cost-effective infrastructure.
• Pursue data collection on how contract design affects project outcomes.
• Support the development of an evidence-supported procurement tool.

• Public authorities must prepare for a much more networked and meshed world.
• Take into account changes in data science and technology when developing Mobility as a Service.
• Look beyond initial cryptocurrency applications of distributed ledger technologies.
• Governments should help deploy the building blocks that enable wider uptake of distributed ledgers.
• Apply blockchain technology now for slow and (relatively) small transport use cases; anticipate next generation distributed ledger technologies for “big and fast” applications to be deployed later.
• Governments should develop algorithmic code-based regulation to accompany the uptake of distributed ledger technologies.

• Public transport scheduling needs to consider a wider range of needs and preferences. 
• Taxi and informal transit services require safer regulations and technologies. 
• Gender analysis leads to effective and efficient transport demand management. 
• Safety improvements are key to ensure optimal public transport use.